Enol ethers and acetals: acylation with dichloroacetyl,acetyl and benzoyl chloride in ionic liquid medium

Synthesis of 4-alkoxy-1,1-dichloro-3-alken-2-ones [CHCl₂C(O)C(R²)C(R¹)-OR, where R, R¹, R² = Et, H, H; Me, Me, H; Et, H, Me; Me, –(CH₂)₂–; Me, –(CH₂)₃–; Et, Et, H; Et, Bu, H; Et, i-Pr, H; Et, i-Bu, H; Me, Ph, H; Me, thien-2-yl, H] from acylation of enol ethers and acetals with dichloroacetyl chloride, in ionic liquid ([BMIM][BF₄] or [BMIM][PF₆]) is reported. The synthesis of alkenones [R³–C(O)C(R²)C(R¹)-OR], where R/R¹/R²/R³ = Et/H/H/Ph, t-Bu/H/H/Ph, Me/-(CH₂)₄/Ph, Me/-(CH₂)₄/Me] from the reaction of enol ethers with benzoyl chloride or acetyl chloride, in ionic liquid [BMIM][BF₄], is also reported. Last products are described for the first time.     

Convergent procedure for the synthesis of trifluoromethyl-containing N-(pyridinyl-triazolyl)pyrimidin-2-amines

This study describes a simple and efficient procedure to synthesize a novel series of fourteen 4-substituted N-(5-pyridinyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-amines, where the 4-substituents are H, CH₃, C₆H₅, 4-FC₆H₄, 4-CH₃C₆H₄, 4-CH₃OC₆H₄ and 2-Furyl; from the cyclocondensation reaction of N-[5-(pyridinyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]guanidines with 4-alkoxy-4-alkyl(aryl/heteroaryl)-1,1,1-trifluoroalk-3-en-2-ones. The reactions were carried out in ethanol under reflux for 18 h and led to 40-68% yields. N-(Pyridyl-triazolyl)guanidine precursors were further obtained from reactions of cyanoguanidine with nicotinic or isonicotinic acid hydrazides and the halogenated enones from trifluoroacetylation of enolethers or acetals.     

Exponential depletion of neutral dangling bonds density (D) by rare-earth doping in amorphous Si films

In this work we study the effect reduction in the density of dangling bond species D⁰ states in rare-earth (RE) doped a-Si films as a function concentration for different RE-specimens. The films a-Si_1−xRE_x, RE=Y³⁺, Gd³⁺, Er³⁺, Lu³⁺) were prepared by co-sputtering and investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) and Raman scattering experiments. According to our data the RE-doping reduces the ESR signal intensity of the D⁰ states with an exponential dependence on the rare-concentration. Furthermore, the reduction produced by the magnetic rare-earths Gd³⁺ and Er³⁺ is remarkably greater than that caused by Y³⁺ and Lu³⁺, which led us to suggest an exchange-like coupling between the spin of the magnetic REs³⁺ and the spin of silicon neutral dangling bonds.     

Effects of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation on expression of growth-associated genes by corticospinal neurons

Background  

Inflammation around cell bodies of primary sensory neurons and retinal ganglion cells enhances expression of neuronal growth-associated genes and stimulates axonal regeneration. We have asked if inflammation would have similar effects on corticospinal neurons, which normally show little response to spinal cord injury. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was applied onto the pial surface of the motor cortex of adult rats with or without concomitant injury of the corticospinal tract at C4. Inflammation around corticospinal tract cell bodies in the motor cortex was assessed by immunohistochemistry for OX42 (a microglia and macrophage marker). Expression of growth-associated genes c-jun, ATF3, SCG10 and GAP-43 was investigated by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridisation.     

Organoallylaluminum reagents promote easy access to trihalomethyl triazolyl homoallylic alcohols analogous to rufinamide

The results of allylation reactions employing allylaluminum reagents are described for 5-substituted (2,6-difluorobenzyl)-4-trifluoro(chloro)acetyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles (1), in which the 5-substituents are H, Me, and Ph. The allylating reagents were generated in situ by the catalytic insertion of aluminum into allyl and crotyl bromides (2), in order to furnish a new series of twelve trihalomethyl triazolyl homoallylic alcohols (3) at yields of up to 94%. The excellent reactivity of these organoallyl reagents is highlighted as an economical alternative to the indium-mediated reactions to produce homoallylic alcohols, which are important building blocks in organic synthesis.     

13C NMR Chemical Shift of β-Alkoxyvinylketones: II. Empirical Substituent Effects in β-Aryl-β-Methoxyvinyltrihalomethylketones

Evaluation by empirically derived equations for the substituent effect (α,β,γ,δ) on the ¹³C NMR chemical shifts for C-1, C-2, C-3 and C-4 in β-aryl-β-methoxyvinylhalomethylketones 1a-g to 2a-g [R³C(O)-CH=C(Ar)-OMe, where R³ = CCl₃, CF₃ and Ar = p-YC₆H₄ (Y = H, Me, MeO, F, Cl, Br, NO₂)], taking as reference the β-ethoxyvinyltrichloromethylketone (3), is reported. From the calculated values for the α,β,γ,δ effects for each substituent it was possible to estimate the chemical shift of each carbon of the compounds 1,2. The ¹³C chemical shifts of the C-1, C-2, C-3, C-4 of these compounds, can be estimated with good to rasoable precision: 84% of the calculated chemical shifts are found to be within ±1.0ppm, and 100% are found to be within ±1.5ppm. The Y-Effects on C-3 and C-4 are compared with carbon charge densities (qr).     

Processing of gadolinium–iron garnet under non-equilibrium conditions

We have investigated the mechanosynthesis of gadolinium iron garnet (GdIG) by high-energy ball-milling of 3.(Gd₂O₃)?+?10.(α-Fe) followed by thermal annealing conducted at moderate temperatures (1100 °C). The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy in order to determine the influence of the milling time on the final products. For as-milled samples the results revealed the enlargement of the magnetic component belonging to iron and a discrete paramagnetic component. The formation of a garnet phase was observed in all as-annealed samples treated at 1100 °C for 6 h in quantities proportional to the time of grinding the precursors. Evidently, high-energy ball milling of Gd₂O₃?+?α-Fe powders is an important step in GdIG synthesis by a ceramic method. Single-phase garnet is observed for the samples milled for 12 and 24 h treated at 1100 °C for 6 h.     

13C NMR Chemical Shifts Substituent Effects of (E)- and (Z)-N-ethyl-N-Methylamides

Carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts of a series of (E)- and (Z)-N-ethyl-N-methylamides [RC(O)NEtMe, R=H, Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu, CF₃, ClCH₂, Cl₂CH, Cl₃C, BrCH₂, Br₂CH, Br₃C and ICH₂] are reported. The α-carbon and carbonyl carbon chemical shifts are correlated with the empirical α-substituent effect and Charton's electrical parameter ([sgrave]_I), respectively. The N-alkyl carbon resonances were attributed mainly to the γ- and δ-effects of R.